Mood (Depressive & Bipolar) Disorders

Mood disorders are mental health conditions that affect a person’s emotional state over a longer period of time. They involve persistent changes in mood that can impact thoughts, behaviour, energy levels, and daily functioning.

This includes both depressive disorders, where mood is consistently low, and bipolar disorder, where mood can shift between low (depression) and high or elevated states (mania or hypomania).

Types of Mood Disorders

Major Depressive Disorder

Major depressive disorder involves a persistent low mood that affects daily life. It is more than feeling sad or “low” for a short period.

It may include:

ongoing low mood or emptiness
loss of interest or pleasure in activities
low energy or fatigue
changes in sleep or appetite
difficulty concentrating
feelings of guilt, worthlessness, or hopelessness

Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia)

Persistent depressive disorder is a long-term form of depression where symptoms are less severe than major depression but last for a longer period.

It may include:

low mood most days over a long period of time
low self-esteem
low energy or motivation
feelings of hopelessness
difficulty feeling enjoyment or positivity

Because it is ongoing, it can feel like a “constant low mood” that becomes part of everyday life.

Bipolar Disorder (Type I & Type II)

Bipolar disorder involves changes in mood that cycle between depressive episodes and periods of elevated mood.

These mood changes can vary in intensity and duration.

Depressive Episodes

These may include:

low mood and loss of interest
fatigue and low energy
feelings of hopelessness
withdrawal from others

Manic or Hypomanic Episodes

These may include:

elevated or very “high” mood
increased energy or activity
reduced need for sleep
racing thoughts or fast speech
impulsive or risky behaviour
increased confidence or irritability
Bipolar I – involves more severe manic episodes
Bipolar II – involves hypomania (a milder form of mania) and depression

How Mood Disorders Can Affect You

Mood disorders can affect many areas of life, including:

relationships and communication
work, school, or daily responsibilities
energy and motivation
self-esteem and confidence
physical health, sleep, and appetite

Symptoms can vary over time and may come in episodes.

Understanding Mood Disorders

Mood disorders are medical mental health conditions and are not something a person can simply “snap out of.” They are influenced by a combination of biological, psychological, and environmental factors.

With the right support and treatment, many people are able to manage symptoms and improve their quality of life.